一诺对话盖茨基金会总裁：世界需要什么样的创新者？
题图：一诺、盖茨基金会总裁 Susan、清华副校长施一公。
这是奴隶社会的第555篇原创文章。欢迎转发分享，未经授权，不欢迎其他公众号转载。
上周二，盖茨基金会的CEO Susan Desmond-Hellmann 在清华大学做了一场演讲。形式是Sue 20分钟的演讲加我和Sue 20分钟的问答，然后是学生提问。
这几段的视频放在文章末尾，包括Sue的演讲和问答部分。
今天语音里给大家分享几个内容：
1. Sue 的职业经历。她在内华达州的雷诺Reno长大，本科毕业于内华达大学。她如何从“二流大学“毕业生一路做到了UCSF的校长。
2. 我问Sue的问题。其中一个是她在上大学的时候对未来怎么想。另一个是是否要等到功成名就了才做慈善，因为毕竟我们看到的名人，包括比尔盖茨，还有她自己，都是功成名就才进入社会领域的。
3. Sue对施一公的评价。这次Sue来中国第一次见到一公。除了主持演讲，一公和Sue还有几次接触。临走的时候她给我分享她对一公的印象，说的很有意思。其中一条是觉得一公有很强的“sense of justice” and “values” 正义感。对她来讲这非常”endearing” - 就是感到非常亲切，让人喜爱。这很有意思，最终给人留下深刻印象的还是一些最本质的东西。
盖茨基金会 CEO Susan。
演讲视频（拷贝下面的链接或者点击文末“阅读原文”）：
对话视频：
演讲的英文全文在下面：
What types of innovators does the world need?
世界需要什么样的创新者？
Dr. Sue Desmond-Hellmann
CEO of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Tsinghua University Address
Event Date: October 20, 2015
比尔及梅琳达•盖茨基金会首席执行官苏珊•德斯蒙德―赫尔曼
清华大学演讲
时间：2015年10月20日
It’s an honor to be here at Tsinghua University. Of course, any American executive who visits this great university must contend with the high standard that Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg set when he came here around this time last year.
今天很荣幸能够来到清华大学。去年大概这个时候，Facebook创始人马克•扎克伯格在这儿做了演讲，为之后所有来清华演讲的美国人设立了一个很高的标杆。
After all, he addressed you in Mandarin, a language he’s devoted serious time to learning. I must confess that I speak no Mandarin, aside from a few words here and there.
毕竟，他演讲时用的是中文，他花了大量时间和精力学习这门语言。我必须承认，除了几个简单的词之外，我不会说任何中文。
The Great Word Indeed: Qinghaosu
So let’s start with one of the very few Chinese words I do know, and it’s a great word indeed: Qinghaosu.
但是就在我所知道的那几个有限的中文词汇里面，有一个很了不起的词：青蒿素。
That’s the Chinese word for the malaria treatment known in the West as artemisinin. As you’re all well aware, it’s been in the news a great deal this month following the award of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to Tu Youyou, the first Chinese scientist to receive that honor.
这是一种被应用于疟疾治疗的物质，英文名字是“Artemisinin”。正如你们所知，在诺贝尔生理学或医学奖被授予首位获此殊荣的中国科学家屠呦呦之后，这个词在最近一个月里面出现在了各大媒体的报道中。
This is a watershed moment in the world’s recognition of modern Chinese innovation. I was delighted to hear about this award, in part because I had the pleasure of watching Tu Youyou’s acceptance remarks for the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award back in 2011. That award, also, was in honor of her discovery of qinghaosu.
获得这样的全球认可对于当代中国创新来说是一个重要里程碑。我特别高兴听到这个获奖消息，部分原因是我有幸在2011年拉斯克临床医学研究奖颁奖典礼上聆听了屠呦呦的获奖感言。拉斯克奖同样是表彰她对青蒿素的发现。
What struck me about that acceptance speech was its balance between the traditional and the modern. As she put it, “[M]y team inherited and developed the essence of traditional Chinese medicine using modern science and technology.”
在她的获奖感言中，最让我印象深刻的是传统和现代之间的平衡。如她所言：“我的团队运用现代科学技术，继承和发扬了传统中医药的精华部分。”
Here’s what I take from that. On the one hand, scientific inquiry is inherently transnational. Its laws, the laws of nature, are universal. No nation can repeal or amend them. But on the other hand, individual nations can—by virtue of their history, their culture, their resources, or other qualities—make very distinctive and meaningful contributions to science.
我从她的获奖感言中学习到的是：一方面，科学研究从本质上来说是跨国界的。它的法则——也就是自然规律——是通用的。没有任何国家能够废除或者修改这些法则。但另一方面，特定国家——基于它们不同的历史、文化、资源或其他特点——可以为科学作出非常杰出且有意义的贡献。
In reaching back to very old Chinese medical traditions, Tu Youyou drew upon a body of wisdom that uniquely belonged to this country. As a result, the entire world benefits.
通过追溯极为古老的中国医学传统，屠呦呦汲取了一整套中国独有的智慧。其结果是，整个世界都从中受益。
A Broader Truth: China Generates Innovations of Global Significance
I believe this represents a broader truth: China is increasingly in a position to draw upon its unique assets to generate innovations of global significance.
我相信这代表了一个更为广泛的事实：中国正在利用其独特的优势来驱动具有全球影响力的创新。
This theme has been very much on my mind during my visit. We came here for the annual meeting of the Grand Challenges program, which the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation established just over a decade ago to offer funding for innovations that can help solve the world’s most urgent health and development problems.
在这次的中国之行中，这个主题一直浮现在我的脑海里。我来中国是为了参加在北京举行的“大挑战”年会，这个项目是比尔及梅琳达•盖茨基金会在十几年前创立的，目的是资助全球范围内的创新，以帮助解决最迫切的健康和发展问题。
That meeting is actually still going on here in Beijing. We have partners and grantees from all over the world there with us. I snuck out to spend a little time with you, but I’ll be going back and giving some remarks to help close out the session tomorrow.
“大挑战”年会此刻还在进行中。在那里，我们同来自世界各地的合作伙伴和受资助者共聚一堂。我从会议中暂时抽身出来和大家见面，但明天我将返回会场并做闭幕致辞。
I’ll give you a little preview of what I’m going to say to the people there: I’ve been very impressed, throughout the meetings, by the advances that are resulting from Chinese innovation. We’ve had sessions devoted to new applications for traditional medicines; advances in sequencing technology; and breakthroughs in vaccine R&D—all from Chinese scientists.
我想向你们透露一些我明天要讲的内容：在整个会议过程中，中国创新所带来的影响给我留下了深刻的印象。我们在会议中讨论了传统医学的新应用、基因测序技术的进展和疫苗研发领域的突破——所有这些都来自于中国的科学家。
We’ve already begun to see a blossoming of Chinese innovation in global health—whether with the Japanese encephalitis vaccine or the Shang Ring circumcision device, which makes it easier for men to undergo a procedure that reduces their risk of HIV infection by 60 percent.
我们已经开始见证中国创新在全球健康领域的绽放——不论是乙型脑炎疫苗，还是商环包皮环切术。后者可以更为快捷地帮助男性进行包皮环切，将艾滋病毒感染风险降低60%。
I’m very proud to say that our foundation’s Grand Challenges partnerships are helping to spawn new Chinese innovations—such as a fast, low-cost tuberculosis diagnostic test developed by Ustar Biotechnologies.
我可以非常骄傲地说，盖茨基金会的“大挑战”项目正在帮助孵化新的中国创新——例如由杭州优思达生物技术有限公司所研发的一种快速而低成本的结核病诊断工具。
Tsinghua Leads a New Generation of Chinese Innovation
I know that one of President Xi’s top priorities is to build a more innovation-driven economy here in China. That’s a very smart objective—no wonder that he is a graduate of this university!
我知道习近平主席的一项当务之急是在中国打造创新驱动型的经济。这是一个极具智慧的目标——他不愧是清华大学的毕业生！
That objective will directly involve you—today’s students and graduates from this great center of learning.
这一目标将直接关系到你们——来自这座伟大学府的学生和毕业生们。
We are very aware of Tsinghua University’s high quality, and its reputation. Our own foundation has grant projects with the university in life science and China-Africa partnership communications, as well as an internship program.
我们十分了解清华大学高质量的教育水平及其声誉。盖茨基金会正在资助清华大学在生命科学和中非合作传播方面进行相关的研究和工作，我们还将与清华联合启动一个实习生项目。
In addition, your university and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are neighbors on both sides of the Pacific. Not only does our foundation have an office here in Beijing, but your university will soon have a physical campus in our headquarters city of Seattle, in partnership with the University of Washington.
除此之外，清华大学和比尔及梅琳达•盖茨基金会在太平洋的两岸都是邻居。不仅我们的基金会在北京设有办公室，而且你们的大学很快将在我们基金会总部所在地西雅图市与华盛顿大学合作开办一个校区。
What all of this strongly suggests is a very high level of scholarship here at Tsinghua University—but also a deep ambition on your part to make good on President Xi’s objective, and to lead a new generation of Chinese innovation.
所有这些都有力地印证了清华大学所具有的高规格学术成就，而且也展现了清华大学在为实现创新驱动发展的国家目标和引领中国创新新时代方面的雄心壮志。
With that ambition, of course, comes great responsibility. Let’s go back a moment to Mark Zuckerberg’s appearance here at Tsinghua last year. During his on-stage interview, he was asked about any advice he might have for students who want to start a company. Do you remember what he said? He said, “I think the best companies are not founded just because the founders wanted to build a company. Rather, it is because the founders want to change the world.”
当然，雄心壮志的背后是重大的责任。让我们回到一年前马克•扎克伯格在清华演讲的时候。当他在台上接受访问时，他被问到对于想要创业的学生是否有什么建议。你们还记得他是如何回答的吗？他说：“我认为最好的公司都不是因为创始人想要创业而被创立的，而是因为创始人想要改变世界。”
Of course, I think he may have said that in Mandarin, but I hope the point I’m driving at is clear: It all comes down to having a strong sense of purpose.
当然，我想他的这番话应该是用中文说出来的，但我希望能够清晰表达的是：这一切都归结于拥有强烈的使命感。
Your Purpose and the Sustainable Development Goals
Now let me ask you: What is your purpose?
现在我想问问你，你的使命是什么？
That’s not always an easy question to answer. Allow me to give you one potential way to think about it.
这并不是一个容易回答的问题，也许我可以给大家一点提示。
Many of you have already demonstrated that you have a drive to succeed in a scientific or technical subject. But there’s more. If you are a student or recent graduate, your career will coincide—is already coinciding—with your country’s re-emergence as a center of global innovation.
你们中的许多人已经证明了你们在科学或技术课题上取得成功的强烈意愿。然而，你能做的远不止如此。如果你是个在校生或刚刚从学校毕业，你的职业生涯将会，或者正在和中国作为全球创新中心的复兴之路紧密相连。
Your career will also coincide with the world’s efforts to end extreme poverty and eliminate the infectious diseases that burden the poor.
你的职业发展还会和全球为消除极端贫困和影响穷人的传染性疾病所付出的努力息息相关。
Your country and mine—and a great many others—affirmed their commitment to that effort very recently at the United Nations General Assembly, where they launched the Sustainable Development Goals.
你们的国家和我的国家——以及世界上许多其他国家——在最近召开的联合国大会上重申了它们对于这一目标的承诺，同时还共同启动了可持续发展全球目标。
If you are not familiar with those goals, I strongly suggest that you study them, because they constitute a blueprint that will shape policy and investment decisions throughout much of your career.
如果你们对可持续发展目标还不太了解，我强烈建议你们去学习一下。这些目标组成了一幅美好的蓝图，将在你们职业生涯中的很长一段时间里影响政策和投资决策。
Just to cite one example, Sustainable Development Goal 3 calls for ending the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases by 2030.
举个例子：可持续发展目标中的第三个目标呼吁在2030年前终结艾滋病、结核病、疟疾和被忽视的热带病的流行。
I’ll tell you exactly what I’m going to tell all the scientists and policymakers from around the world who will be at our Grand Challenges closing session tomorrow. If we’re going to meet those very ambitious goals, we need to accelerate the innovation cycle. We need to generate good ideas more quickly. We need to turn those ideas into products more efficiently.
在明天的大挑战年会闭幕式上，我要对来自世界各地的科学家和政策制定者说：“如果我们想要完成这些极具雄心的目标，我们需要加速创新的周期。我们需要更快地产生好想法，我们需要更有效率地将这些想法转化成产品。”
The World Needs China, Which Means the World Needs You
To do all of this, the world needs China. Which means the world needs you, the most promising researchers and technical minds of this country’s rising generation.
要做到这些，世界需要中国。这也意味着，世界需要你们，你们是这个国家新一代中最有前途的研究者和技术骨干。
This will place certain demands upon you and your classmates. You will have the chance—the responsibility—to innovate at a global level. That will require from you a lifelong commitment to intellectual rigor, and to intellectual honesty. It will require a genuine openness to the truth, not matter how inconvenient it may be.
你们将有机会——同样也是责任——在全球的高度上进行创新。这将要求你们对学术严谨和诚实作出终身的承诺。这将需要你们对真相采取完全开放的态度，不论你们有多么地不愿意面对这个真相。
And it will require a willingness to engage in something I call “constructive conflict,” in which ideas compete on their merits and everyone shares a commitment to getting at the right answers—not to protecting their own egos.
此外，这还要求你们愿意和别人产生所谓的“建设性冲突”。在“建设性冲突”中，不同的想法自由竞争，每个人都致力于追求正确的答案——而不是为了维护面子和自尊心而回避问题。
Precision Public Health and the Grand Challenges Explorations Program
By the way, you can get started on your innovation career right now—Grand Challenges is welcoming and encouraging applications from China and around the world for our vaccine-manufacturing initiative as well as for our Grand Challenges Explorations program, the latest round of which is focusing on four topics:
顺便说一句，你们现在就可以开始你们的创新之旅——“大挑战”项目欢迎和鼓励来自中国和全世界的申请者参与我们疫苗制造创新课题和“探索大挑战”项目的角逐。最新一轮的“探索大挑战”课题关注以下四个方面：
• Novel approaches to characterizing and tracking the global burden of antimicrobial resistance;
৹ 描述和追踪抗菌素耐药性全球负担的新途径
• Exploring new solutions in global-health priority areas;
৹ 探索全球健康优先领域的新型解决方案
• Addressing newborn and infant gut health through bacteriophage-mediated microbiome engineering; and
৹ 利用噬菌体介质的微生物工程解决新生儿和婴儿肠道健康问题的新方法
• New ways to measure delivery and use of financial data.
৹ 衡量和使用财务数据的新方法
All four of these subjects relate to a topic that our foundation is increasingly committed to: precision public health.
所有这四项主题都和我们基金会日益关注的一个领域有关：精准公共卫生。
Perhaps Yinuo and I can talk about this further during our discussion, but for now, think of it as an expansion upon precision medicine—in which you use data to understand the patient as a member of a sub-category of individuals who may respond particularly well to a specific course of treatment.
也许我在之后和一诺的对话中将能够更加深入地探讨这个话题，但现在，请将精准公共卫生想像成是“精准医学”的延伸——在精准医学中，你利用数据去了解在一个特定群体中的个体病人对某种治疗方法的反应。
Precision public health takes this concept further. It involves bringing every scientific tool—including sequencing, molecular biology, and data-based disease surveillance—to bear in creating better remedies, diagnostics, and therapeutics for entire populations, with a focus on the needs of the poor.
而精准公共卫生让这个概念更进一步。它涉及到引入各种科学手段，包括基因测序、分子生物学和基于数据的疾病监测，来为整个人群创造更佳的药物、诊断工具和治疗方法，其中尤其关注贫困人口的需求。
If any of those areas interest you, I urge you to consider applying for a Grand Challenges grant. I’m absolutely serious.
如果以上任何一个领域让你产生了兴趣，我鼓励你考虑申请“大挑战”的资助。我是非常认真地发出这个邀请的。
Carry Out Your Own Purpose in a Spirit of Audacity
In case that sounds too audacious, think of it this way: Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to focus on his dream of starting a computer-software company, at a time when that was about as exotic and unlikely an ambition as anyone could imagine.
你们可能觉得这个听起来有点遥不可及，但是请不妨想想：比尔•盖茨当年从哈佛大学退学，为了集中精力实现他创办一个电脑软件公司的梦想，在当时，这对任何人来说都是一件既新鲜又难以想象的事。
But Bill Gates could certainly imagine it, and that’s how he built Microsoft. That was his purpose, and he had the audacity and the imagination to follow it. Then his sense of purpose led him and his wife Melinda to establish our foundation.
但这对比尔•盖茨来说显然并非天方夜谭，他成功创立了微软。这是他的使命，并且他有胆量和想象力去实践他的使命。之后，他的使命感进一步驱使他和他的妻子梅琳达创办了盖茨基金会。
In my own life, I’ve seen the central role that a sense of audacious purpose can play in establishing the conditions for success. I departed from the normal academic track to study HIV in Africa at a crucial moment in my career. The insights I gained there gave me great advantages later on when I was in the pharmaceutical industry.
在我自己的人生经历中，我意识到强大的使命感对于获得成功来说至关重要。在我职业生涯的关键时期，我离开学术发展这个常规的轨道，而去非洲研究艾滋病毒。我从中学到的东西为我日后在制药行业的发展提供了巨大的优势。
I urge you to think deeply about your own purpose—and to carry out that purpose in a spirit of audacity. That’s where the greatest achievements come from—the kind of achievements the world so urgently needs.
我鼓励你们每一个人都深入思考你们的使命，并大胆地去实践这一使命。这往往是那些世界最需要的、最伟大的成就诞生的起点。
We look forward to being your partners in our shared mission to innovate and lead in solving the biggest problems facing the world’s poorest people.
我们期待能够和你们携手，通过创新来实现我们的共同使命，那就是，解决世界最贫困人口所面临的最大难题！
Thank you for having me here with you. I look forward to our conversation.
感谢你们邀请我到这里来。我十分期待稍后与你们的对话。
Full text and photos provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (If reproduced, please indicate the source.)
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